Discuss the theme of Grief and Guilt. How are grief and guilt connected in the narrative? Compare Lenore and Joe, who both experience different degrees of guilt. Where and how are the two emotions blurred into one, and to what degree do both characters deserve to feel guilty?

Discuss the motif of Norma’s dreams. What do they mean and which of the novel’s broader themes do they speak to? What commentary do these dreams offer on the notions of authenticity and truth?

Discuss the theme of Indigenous family bonds. How would you characterize Ruthie’s birth family compared to her white family? Compare their homes, careers, socioeconomic statuses, perceived happiness, and treatment of Ruthie.