Chapter 8 discusses the human brain, its impact on the invention of computers, and the impact of computer use on the structure of the human brain. Ramirez explains that the brain comprises different parts that serve specific functions: The brain stem regulates automatic functions, such as breathing; the cerebellum controls balance and coordination; the cerebrum enables thinking, feeling, remembering, and speaking; and the frontal lobe controls executive functions like attention, focus, organization, and impulse control. Scientists describe the brain as plastic because it is moldable and open to rewiring. Fire allowed ancient Homo erectus brains to grow by reducing the energy needed to chew and digest raw food. Similarly, people who watch a lot of television are more sensitive to visual stimuli. Ramirez points to the negative impact of computers on the brain. People no longer remember things, such as phone numbers, because the information is available on smart phones or digital contact lists. In other words, people remember where information is located, but not the information itself.

To illustrate the brain’s complexity, Ramirez shares the story of Phineas Gage, who suffered a traumatic brain injury during an 1848 construction accident in Vermont when a metal bar pierced his brain. Gage not only survived the accident but also helped himself onto a wagon to receive medical attention.