Every Man Dies Alone

Every Man Dies Alone is a 1947 historical novel by Hans Fallada, a German Objectivist and writer who rose to prominence in Germany’s interwar years. Loosely based on the real story of a lower-class wife and husband who join the German Resistance, it chronicles their lives and developing ideologies through their eventual discovery, trial, and execution. At its time of publication, Fallada’s novel was significant for being one of the first German novels to attack the Nazi regime after World War II.

The novel is set in Germany during World War II and fixates on the suffering the German people experienced while Hitler’s regime was in power. Frau Eva Kluge sends correspondence to Anna and Otto Quangel, the book’s protagonists, notifying them that their son has died. Otto relays the news to Trudel, his son’s fiancée, and discovers that she has joined a secret rebel faction in her workplace, a local factory. Her action inspires him to fight back as well, and he decides to distribute anti-Nazi propaganda throughout the city via small postcards. Anna joins him; both understand that they will face execution if caught. Trudel, meanwhile, is nearly killed by her own rebel party in the hope of convincing the Germans that the resistance has fizzled out. Karl Hergesell, a fellow rebel who is in love with her, protects her.

In the coming year, Otto distributes his postcards; they are quickly noticed by the Gestapo, particularly by an administrator Inspector Escherich. Failing to find Otto’s identity, however, he persecutes Enno Kluge as a proxy for the unidentified rebel. Enno feigns a confession and is taken in by a widow named Hetty, but is soon discovered and forced to commit suicide. Karl and Trudel get married, as Inspector Escherich gets ever closer to discovering Otto’s identity. One day, while working a tiring extra shift, Otto accidentally drops several postcards from his bag. The workroom supervisor informs Escherich, who infers that Otto is the propagandist since he is the only employee who lives in the area where the postcards have been published. He goes to their home and interrogates Anna, discovering another postcard. The Inspector sends Anna to a mental hospital and arrests Otto at the factory.



Otto fervently denies being the propagandist in question but is unable to refute the evidence. Defeated, he confesses, but stands up against Escherich, arguing that though he could not significantly harm the regime, he was morally opposed to watching the Nazi’s casually commit atrocities. Otto’s words cause Escherich to fall into despair as he realizes his implication in the regime’s crimes against humanity; he commits suicide while Otto is beaten by his officers. His replacement, Inspector Laub, is far more brutal and forces Anna to confess her knowledge about the postcards. She implicates Karl and Trudel, who are also suspects. Otto is sent to a remand prison and lives in a cell with a musician Dr. Reichhardt. They develop a deep friendship and bond over chess and music. Reichhardt tells him to plead guilty in order to guarantee a swift trial.

Meanwhile, Trudel finds out that Karl died from head trauma upon his arrest. The prison’s kind chaplain takes her to his body, where she falls into despair, escaping from her chaperones and committing suicide by jumping over a railing.

Just before their trial, Otto and Anna are reunited. The judge, Feisler, is a brutal man, rejects their guilty plea in order to disparage them in a long trial. Anna’s brother, Ulrich, is interrogated, but then euthanized, having been determined mentally unsound after a series of brutal interrogations by Laub. At one juncture in the trial, a judge named Fromm sneaks Otto a vial of cyanide, telling him that Anna will receive one as well. While this liberates him, it causes Anna much stress, since she hopes to reunite with Otto. Neither of them uses the cyanide; Otto is executed, while Anna dies in a bombing.



The novel ends with a hint of optimism, following Eva Kluge’s remarriage and their adoption of an orphaned boy named Kuno. Kuno rejects his criminal father, Emil Borkhausen, resolving to seek a good and virtuous life. Every Man Dies Alone portrays the moral ambiguity and extreme emotional duress of the Nazi regime, and those it affected, as it brutalized German society, suggesting that individual acts of goodness reverberated even in its utter darkness.